
Imagine walking into your favourite local bookshop where the proprietor not only greets you by name but has already set aside the latest release from your preferred author—alongside two additional titles you hadn't heard of but align perfectly with your literary tastes. Now imagine that same level of attentiveness scaled across thousands, even millions of customer interactions. This is the promise of enterprise-level personalisation; not merely a technological capability, but rather an orchestrated symphony of data, strategy, and customer-centric thinking.
In today's fiercely competitive digital landscape, personalisation has transcended its status as marketing jargon to become an essential business imperative. Large organisations face the intricate challenge of managing vast customer portfolios whilst delivering experiences that feel individually crafted. Through strategic implementation of robust personalisation frameworks, integrated marketing ecosystems, and meticulous customer journey orchestration, corporations can transform their engagement initiatives into responsive, data-informed campaigns that connect with customers at each pivotal moment in their journey.
The evolution of personalisation extends considerably beyond rudimentary segmentation and conventional mass communications. Modern personalisation encompasses a sophisticated fusion of data architecture, cross-channel engagement, and analytical prowess to deliver genuinely meaningful customer experiences. For marketing leaders seeking competitive advantage, mastering enterprise personalisation strategies unlocks substantial benefits—from strengthened customer loyalty to expanded revenue streams and operational efficiencies.
This article explores the fundamental principles and practical methodologies behind comprehensive personalisation solutions for enterprise organisations. We shall examine how these strategies can be scaled effectively, seamlessly integrated with existing technological ecosystems, and continuously refined through analytical insight. Whether you're a seasoned marketing director or newly investigating personalisation capabilities, this guide offers concrete insights to help you develop a personalisation strategy that resonates with today's discerning customers.
Defining Comprehensive Enterprise Personalisation
What Constitutes an Enterprise-Level Personalisation Strategy?
Enterprise-level personalisation represents far more than simply customising email greetings or rotating website banners. It encompasses a comprehensive strategy that addresses the entire customer journey. Effective personalisation considers every interaction a customer has with your brand, from digital touchpoints and social media engagements to in-store experiences and customer service conversations.
An enterprise personalisation strategy comprises several foundational elements:
- Data Integration: Unifying disparate information sources to create a comprehensive, holistic view of each customer relationship.
- Sophisticated Segmentation: Moving beyond basic demographic classifications to incorporate behavioural patterns, transactional history, and psychographic indicators.
- Multi-Channel Engagement: Delivering consistent personalisation across all channels—digital platforms, mobile applications, social networks, and physical locations.
- Real-Time Responsiveness: Implementing technology that adapts to customer behaviour as it unfolds.
- Customer Journey Orchestration: Mapping and optimising each phase of the customer experience to deliver contextually relevant messages and offers at precisely the right moment.
By integrating these components, organisations create a seamless customer experience where each interaction serves as a unique opportunity to strengthen the customer relationship. The ultimate objective is to deliver individualised experiences that make each customer feel valued and understood, regardless of your audience size. This approach functions rather like a skilled concierge who remembers your preferences whilst simultaneously managing hundreds of other guests—the personal touch remains despite the scale of operations.
The Need for Scalable, Integrated Solutions
For large organisations, scalability represents a primary concern. As customer data grows exponentially, ensuring consistent messaging across diverse channels becomes increasingly complex. Scalable personalisation enables enterprises to deliver tailored experiences efficiently, even as their customer base expands. This approach requires technologies and processes capable of handling substantial volumes of data and interactions whilst maintaining sophisticated levels of personalisation.
Integrated solutions prove essential in this context. When personalisation technologies work harmoniously with existing marketing systems—such as customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, email systems, and e-commerce frameworks—the benefits multiply considerably. This integration ensures that personalisation efforts don't operate in isolation but instead form part of a cohesive strategy driving results across all channels. The streamlined data flow enhances the accuracy and relevance of your communications by leveraging real-time insights from multiple sources.
The advantages of scalable, integrated personalisation solutions include:
- Enhanced Customer Experience: Delivering consistent messaging across multiple channels builds trust and engagement, similar to how a well-rehearsed orchestra creates harmony through coordinated performances.
- Operational Efficiency: Automation and system integration reduce manual processes, allowing your team to focus on creative strategy rather than technical implementation.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Centralised data facilitates more accurate analysis and strategic insights, enabling continual refinement.
- Increased Revenue: Personalised experiences consistently lead to higher conversion rates and improved customer retention, creating sustainable business growth.
This integrated approach ensures that every customer interaction draws upon accurate, current data, driving both satisfaction and commercial performance.
Core Components of Enterprise Personalisation
To effectively implement comprehensive personalisation, enterprises must focus on several fundamental components that enable organisations to collect, analyse, and act upon customer data meaningfully.
Data Integration and Customer 360-Degree Views
Data serves as the cornerstone of personalisation. For enterprises, the ability to aggregate information from multiple sources into a unified customer view is paramount. This holistic perspective—commonly referred to as a customer 360-degree view—provides profound insights into customer behaviour, preferences, and requirements.
Creating this comprehensive customer view involves consolidating data from various touchpoints, including website interactions, mobile application usage, purchase history, social media activity, and customer service records. This unified approach allows marketers to understand the complete context of each customer's journey. Consider, for instance, how a financial services firm might notice a customer regularly researching retirement planning content without taking action; the 360-degree view would highlight an opportunity for personalised educational resources or a consultation offer.
Key steps in effective data integration include:
- Data Aggregation: Consolidating information from diverse databases and systems into a centralised repository.
- Data Cleansing: Ensuring high-quality information by removing duplicates, correcting inaccuracies, and standardising formats.
- Data Enrichment: Enhancing customer profiles with supplementary information such as social media behaviour and third-party demographic insights.
- Real-Time Processing: Utilising tools that deliver current insights for timely personalisation decisions.
When organisations invest in constructing a reliable customer 360-degree view, they equip their teams to craft marketing strategies that resonate deeply with each individual. This comprehensive understanding not only enhances engagement but also fosters loyalty by making customers feel truly recognised.
Multi-Channel and Omnichannel Strategies
Today's customers interact with brands across numerous platforms. From mobile applications and websites to social media and physical locations, ensuring a seamless and personalised experience across these touchpoints is essential. This is where multi-channel and omnichannel personalisation strategies become critical.
Multi-channel personalisation involves tailoring the customer experience for each distinct channel. For example, personalised content on social media naturally differs from email communications, reflecting each platform's unique characteristics. Each channel possesses its own nuances, and personalisation strategies must adapt accordingly.
Omnichannel personalisation elevates this approach by ensuring customer interactions remain consistent and connected regardless of channel. Whether a customer begins their journey on your website, continues via a mobile application, or completes a purchase in-store, the experience should feel cohesive and continuous. This level of integration requires consistent messaging and a unified view of customer behaviour as they transition between channels.
Benefits of robust multi-channel and omnichannel strategies include:
- Consistent Brand Experience: Uniform messaging builds trust and reinforces your brand identity, similar to how recognising the same friend's voice whether speaking in person or over the telephone creates continuity.
- Increased Customer Engagement: Customers more readily interact when they receive personalised content through their preferred channels.
- Improved Data Collection: Each touchpoint contributes to a richer understanding of customer behaviour, creating a virtuous cycle of improvement.
- Optimised Customer Journey: Coordinated touchpoints guide customers smoothly through the sales funnel, enhancing the overall experience.
By ensuring every channel contributes to a unified narrative, enterprises deliver engaging, personalised experiences that capture customer attention throughout their journey.
Advanced Segmentation and Targeting
Advanced segmentation forms the foundation of any effective personalisation strategy. Rather than relying solely on broad demographic categories, sophisticated segmentation incorporates behavioural, transactional, and psychographic factors. This deeper segmentation enables marketers to identify specific customer groups and tailor messages addressing their unique needs and interests.
Advanced segmentation techniques often employ machine learning algorithms to analyse purchasing patterns, browsing behaviour, and social media activity to uncover hidden trends. For instance, a retail organisation might discover that one customer segment responds exceptionally well to limited-time offers, whilst another prefers content focused on product craftsmanship and sustainability credentials.
Effective segmentation yields several tangible benefits:
- Higher Conversion Rates: When messages directly address the specific needs and preferences of a defined group, customers are significantly more likely to engage and convert.
- Improved Customer Retention: Personalised experiences foster stronger relationships, encouraging repeat business and long-term loyalty.
- Optimised Marketing Investment: Resources are allocated more effectively by focusing on segments with the highest potential return on investment.
Marketers who master advanced segmentation and targeting can deliver increasingly personalised experiences that not only meet customer expectations but also drive measurable business growth.
Implementing and Managing Enterprise Solutions
While developing a comprehensive personalisation strategy is crucial, its success depends on effective implementation and management. Enterprises must select appropriate tools, integrate them with existing systems, and train teams to embrace new processes and technologies.
Selecting the Right Tools and Platforms
The market offers numerous personalisation tools and platforms, each promising to revolutionise your marketing efforts. However, selecting the right solution requires careful evaluation of your organisation's specific requirements and objectives.
When assessing personalisation technologies, consider these factors:
- Scalability: Ensure the platform can manage large volumes of data and a growing customer base without performance degradation.
- Integration Capabilities: Choose solutions that connect seamlessly with your current marketing systems, including CRM, content management systems, and analytics platforms.
- Usability: The tool should offer an intuitive interface that empowers marketers to create, execute, and monitor campaigns with minimal technical training.
- Real-Time Processing: Select platforms supporting real-time data processing to ensure personalisation efforts remain timely and relevant.
- Customisation and Flexibility: Your chosen solution must adapt to your unique business requirements and evolve with market trends.
By carefully selecting appropriate tools and platforms, enterprises build a robust personalisation framework that supports immediate needs whilst scaling with future growth. This solid foundation proves critical for achieving long-term success in personalised marketing.
Integrating with Existing Marketing Systems
One significant challenge enterprises face involves integrating new personalisation tools with existing marketing systems. Successful integration minimises disruption and ensures smooth data flow between systems. A well-planned integration strategy is essential to unlock personalisation's full potential.
Consider this step-by-step approach to seamless integration:
- Conduct a Systems Audit: Map all existing marketing systems, data sources, and customer touchpoints. Identify current data flows between systems and potential integration opportunities.
- Define Integration Objectives: Clearly establish integration goals—whether improving data accuracy, enabling real-time personalisation, or enhancing reporting capabilities.
- Select an Integration Method: Evaluate whether APIs, middleware solutions, or custom integrations best suit your organisation's needs. Each approach offers distinct benefits and limitations.
- Develop a Detailed Implementation Plan: Create a project roadmap outlining timelines, responsibilities, and contingency measures. Involve stakeholders from IT, marketing, and customer service to ensure all perspectives receive consideration.
- Test Thoroughly: Before launching, rigorously test the integration in a controlled environment to verify data transfers correctly and personalisation triggers function as expected.
- Monitor and Optimise: Once integration goes live, continuously monitor performance and address any issues promptly to maintain seamless operations.
A well-integrated system enhances personalisation efforts by ensuring every touchpoint draws upon consistent, accurate data, ultimately delivering superior customer experiences.
Training Teams and Managing Change
Introducing new personalisation solutions can disrupt established workflows. Therefore, investing in team training and change management proves essential for ensuring smooth transition. Empowering staff with necessary skills and knowledge is critical to realising the full potential of your personalisation strategy.
Consider these training approaches to support your teams:
- Hands-On Workshops: Organise practical sessions where teams can experiment with new tools and platforms. This experiential learning accelerates adoption.
- Cross-Functional Collaboration: Encourage cooperation among marketing, IT, and customer service departments. A shared understanding of personalisation goals can foster innovation and eliminate operational silos.
- Continuous Learning Programmes: Implement ongoing training initiatives to keep teams current on new features, best practices, and emerging trends in enterprise personalisation.
- Establish Feedback Mechanisms: Create regular feedback sessions where employees can share experiences, suggest improvements, and discuss challenges openly.
By prioritising training and change management, enterprises ensure every team member feels confident and equipped to leverage personalisation strategies effectively. A well-prepared team not only improves campaign execution but also fosters a culture of innovation and continuous improvement.
Measuring Effectiveness at Scale
For personalisation strategies to deliver sustainable value, they must be measurable. Marketers need to define clear metrics and establish systems for continuous monitoring and optimisation. Measuring personalisation effectiveness at scale involves setting appropriate key performance indicators (KPIs) and creating feedback loops driving ongoing improvements.
KPIs for Enterprise Personalisation
Selecting appropriate KPIs is crucial for evaluating personalisation success. While specific metrics vary depending on industry and objectives, several core KPIs prove essential for enterprise-level personalisation:
- Customer Lifetime Value (CLV): This metric reveals the long-term value of customers acquired through personalised experiences. As personalisation improves customer loyalty and repeat business, CLV typically increases.
- Return on Investment (ROI): Tracking ROI helps you understand personalisation campaigns' financial impact. Positive ROI demonstrates that benefits—such as increased sales and customer retention—outweigh implementation costs.
- Engagement Metrics: Indicators like click-through rates, time spent on site, and interactions with personalised content reveal how effectively your messages resonate with your audience.
- Conversion Rates: Comparing conversion rates before and after implementing personalisation provides direct insight into strategy effectiveness.
- Customer Satisfaction and Net Promoter Scores (NPS): These qualitative measures reveal how personalised experiences influence customer perceptions and loyalty.
By monitoring these KPIs, marketers can make data-driven decisions, adjust strategies promptly, and ensure personalisation efforts align with overall business objectives.
Continuous Monitoring and Optimisation
Personalisation is not a one-time implementation but requires ongoing attention and refinement. The digital landscape and customer behaviours evolve rapidly, so your strategies must adapt accordingly. Continuous monitoring paired with regular optimisation helps maintain relevance and drives sustained success.
Effective optimisation practices include:
- A/B Testing: Regularly test different variations of personalised content to determine which messages, offers, and formats resonate best with your audience.
- Real-Time Analytics: Leverage advanced analytics tools to monitor customer interactions as they occur. Immediate insights allow you to adjust strategies as needed.
- Establish Feedback Loops: Collect feedback from multiple channels—including social media, email responses, and website behaviour—to continuously refine personalisation tactics.
- Iterative Refinements: Treat your personalisation strategy as an evolving process. Constantly refine segments, messaging, and channel strategies based on performance data and emerging market trends.
- Cross-Department Collaboration: Ensure insights from personalisation analytics are shared across the organisation. This collaboration drives more comprehensive and aligned marketing strategies.
An agile approach to continuous monitoring and optimisation ensures your enterprise personalisation strategy remains dynamic, relevant, and effective over time.
Case Studies: Enterprise Personalisation Success Stories
Marks & Spencer: Omnichannel Personalisation Drives Loyalty
In 2019, British retail institution Marks & Spencer implemented a comprehensive personalisation initiative to unify customer experiences across digital and physical channels. Their approach centred on creating a unified customer data platform that integrated online browsing history, in-store purchases, and loyalty programme activity.
The implementation allowed M&S to deliver personalised product recommendations based on previous purchases whilst factoring in seasonal trends and local stock availability. Their mobile application began offering personalised shopping lists and tailored promotions triggered by location-based services when customers entered physical stores.
Results published in their 2020 digital strategy report showed a 13.8% increase in average transaction value for customers engaged through personalised channels and a 23% improvement in customer satisfaction scores. Perhaps most importantly, loyalty programme retention improved by 17% year-over-year following implementation.
Nationwide Building Society: Data-Driven Financial Guidance
Nationwide Building Society, one of Britain's largest financial institutions, developed a sophisticated personalisation engine in 2021 that analysed transaction patterns, life events, and digital behaviour to deliver tailored financial guidance.
Their approach integrated customer service data with digital interactions, allowing them to identify significant life moments—such as house purchases or retirement planning—and provide relevant, timely information. Rather than sending generic financial advice, Nationwide delivered personalised content addressing specific customer circumstances.
According to their financial inclusion report, this strategy increased digital engagement by 34% and improved financial planning tool usage by 41%. Customer feedback showed that 78% of recipients found the personalised guidance "extremely relevant" to their current financial situation, demonstrating the effectiveness of contextually appropriate personalisation.
ASOS: Algorithmic Fashion Recommendations
Online fashion retailer ASOS implemented an advanced personalisation strategy focused on visual recognition technology and behavioural analytics. Their system, deployed in 2020, analyses browsing patterns, purchase history, and style preferences to create individualised product recommendations.
The technology examines visual characteristics of items—including colour, pattern, and style—to suggest complementary products based on individual customer preferences. This approach moves beyond simple "others also bought" recommendations to create truly personalised fashion suggestions.
According to case studies presented at the 2021 Retail Technology Show, ASOS saw a 46% increase in items per order and a 28% higher conversion rate amongst customers receiving personalised recommendations. Additionally, return rates decreased by 12%, suggesting improved customer satisfaction with personalised product suggestions.
British Airways: Journey-Based Personalisation
British Airways implemented a comprehensive travel journey personalisation programme in 2022, using historical travel data, loyalty tier information, and real-time context to enhance customer experiences.
Their approach segments customers based on travel frequency, destination patterns, and service preferences. The airline's mobile application delivers personalised communications at critical journey points—from booking confirmation to post-flight surveys—adapting content based on factors like delay status, connection times, and frequent destinations.
Results published in their customer experience report showed a 26% increase in mobile application engagement and a 14% improvement in Net Promoter Score. Premium cabin upgrades increased by 8% through targeted personalised offers delivered at optimal moments in the customer journey.
Boots: Personalised Health and Beauty Recommendations
Pharmacy and beauty retailer Boots launched an integrated personalisation initiative in 2021 connecting their loyalty programme, online shopping platform, and in-store experiences. Their approach centred on creating detailed customer profiles combining purchase history, beauty preferences, and health requirements.
The implementation included personalised health reminder services, customised skincare regimens based on previously purchased products, and tailored promotions factoring in seasonal considerations. Their mobile application began offering personalised shopping lists and product recommendations synchronised across digital and in-store touchpoints.
Boots' quarterly business review reported a 31% increase in repeat purchases among customers receiving personalised recommendations and a 22% higher average transaction value. Particularly noteworthy was the 37% improvement in adherence rates for prescription medicines when patients received personalised reminder communications.
Vodafone: Telecommunications Service Personalisation
Telecommunications provider Vodafone implemented an enterprise-scale personalisation programme in 2020 focused on service optimisation and customer retention. Their approach integrated billing data, usage patterns, customer service interactions, and network performance metrics to create comprehensive customer profiles.
Their system analysed individual usage patterns to recommend optimised tariff plans, predict potential service issues before they affected customers, and deliver usage-based recommendations. For instance, customers approaching data limits received personalised communications with appropriate upgrade options.
According to case studies presented at the 2022 Customer Experience World Forum, this approach reduced customer churn by 17% and increased customer-initiated upgrades by 28%. Customer satisfaction scores improved by 23 percentage points for segments receiving personalised service recommendations.
Future Trends in Enterprise Personalisation
As digital technologies continue evolving, enterprise personalisation promises even greater innovation. Marketers will increasingly harness artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict customer behaviours, optimise engagement, and automate personalised interactions. The future landscape will likely feature predictive personalisation systems that not only respond to customer actions in real-time but anticipate needs and deliver precisely targeted offers before customers consciously recognise their requirements.
Several emerging trends warrant particular attention:
- Predictive Personalisation: Advanced algorithms will analyse historical data alongside real-time interactions to forecast customer needs and preferences with remarkable accuracy.
- Hyper-Contextual Experiences: Personalisation will incorporate increasingly sophisticated contextual factors—including location, weather, current events, and even emotional states—to deliver extraordinarily relevant experiences.
- Voice-Activated Personalisation: As voice interfaces become ubiquitous, personalisation will extend to conversational interactions, creating natural dialogue that adapts to individual preferences.
- Ethical Personalisation Frameworks: As privacy regulations evolve, successful organisations will develop transparent personalisation approaches that respect customer boundaries while delivering value.
Organisations that remain agile and committed to continuous testing and refinement will lead in this dynamic environment. By investing in scalable, integrated personalisation solutions today, enterprises future-proof their marketing efforts, ensuring they remain relevant and competitive in an ever-changing digital landscape.
Conclusion
Comprehensive personalisation solutions empower marketers to transform vast quantities of data into strategic, actionable insights. They enable enterprises to craft unique customer journeys resonating on an individual level—driving engagement, fostering loyalty, and ultimately boosting revenue. With a holistic approach combining data integration, multi-channel personalisation, and continuous optimisation, businesses overcome scale complexities to deliver experiences that genuinely connect with customers.
Modern personalisation represents a remarkable convergence of art and science; it requires both technological sophistication and deep customer empathy. Like a master chef who understands not only ingredients and techniques but also individual palates, successful personalisation blends data science with psychological insight to create experiences that satisfy on multiple levels.
The journey toward personalisation excellence demands ongoing commitment to testing, learning, and refining. Each customer interaction provides valuable data that contributes to a continuously improving system. By embracing this evolutionary approach, enterprises can transform their customer relationships from transactional exchanges into meaningful, enduring connections.
For organisations willing to invest in the necessary technology, expertise, and cultural change, the rewards of comprehensive personalisation extend far beyond incremental revenue gains. True personalisation at scale creates the seemingly paradoxical outcome of making exceptionally large organisations feel remarkably intimate and responsive to individual needs—perhaps the most valuable competitive advantage in today's experience-focused economy.
FAQ
How quickly can an enterprise expect to see measurable results from implementing a comprehensive personalisation strategy?
Whilst some improvements may become apparent within weeks (particularly engagement metrics like click-through rates), meaningful business impact typically emerges over 3-6 months as systems collect sufficient data to optimise effectively. The most substantial benefits—including increased customer lifetime value and enhanced loyalty metrics—generally materialise after 6-12 months of continuous refinement. Organisations should establish clear baseline measurements before implementation and track progress against these benchmarks quarterly.
What are the most common implementation challenges when deploying enterprise-level personalisation, and how can they be overcome?
The primary challenges typically include data fragmentation across legacy systems, organisational resistance to new processes, and difficulties measuring true impact. Successful implementations address these challenges through: 1) Implementing robust data integration strategies with clear data governance frameworks; 2) Securing executive sponsorship and creating cross-functional teams representing both technical and marketing expertise; and 3) Establishing comprehensive measurement frameworks that connect personalisation efforts to concrete business outcomes rather than vanity metrics.
How should enterprises balance personalisation with customer privacy concerns and regulatory requirements?
Responsible personalisation begins with transparent data practices that clearly communicate what information is collected and how it benefits customers. Practical approaches include: implementing preference centres allowing customers to control personalisation levels; adopting privacy-by-design principles when developing new capabilities; conducting regular privacy impact assessments; and continuously training teams on evolving regulations like GDPR and emerging privacy standards. The organisations achieving this balance view privacy not as a constraint but as an opportunity to build trust through respectful, valuable personalisation.
What organisational structure best supports enterprise-level personalisation initiatives?
The most effective structure typically involves a dedicated personalisation centre of excellence (CoE) that combines technical specialists, data analysts, and marketing strategists. This centralised team develops standards, best practices, and measurement frameworks whilst collaborating with individual business units to implement specific use cases. The CoE model provides consistent governance whilst allowing flexibility for channel-specific or regional requirements. Regular coordination between the CoE and senior leadership ensures personalisation initiatives remain aligned with strategic business priorities.
How will advances in artificial intelligence transform enterprise personalisation over the next five years?
Artificial intelligence will fundamentally reshape personalisation through several developments: predictive models will increasingly anticipate customer needs rather than merely responding to behaviour; natural language processing will enable more conversational, adaptive interactions across channels; computer vision will enhance personalisation in physical environments through facial recognition and gesture interpretation; and automated content generation will create truly individualised communications at unprecedented scale. These capabilities will shift personalisation from rules-based approaches to genuinely intelligent systems capable of nuanced understanding and creative response to customer needs.
References and Further Reading
To learn more about the case studies mentioned in this article, consider researching:
- "Marks & Spencer digital transformation personalisation strategy 2020" - M&S annual digital strategy report provides detailed analysis of their omnichannel personalisation approach and customer experience improvements.
- "Nationwide Building Society financial inclusion personalisation report 2021" - This comprehensive analysis details Nationwide's approach to personalised financial guidance and its impact on customer engagement metrics.
- "ASOS visual recognition personalisation Retail Technology Show 2021" - Conference presentation outlining ASOS's implementation of visual recognition technology and resulting improvements in conversion metrics.
- "British Airways customer experience personalisation journey mapping 2022" - Their customer experience report details their journey-based personalisation approach and resulting improvements in mobile engagement and loyalty metrics.
- "Boots omnichannel personalisation quarterly business review 2021" - Business review documentation outlines Boots' integrated loyalty and personalisation strategy with detailed performance metrics.
- "Vodafone customer retention personalisation case study Customer Experience World Forum 2022" - Conference case study presentation detailing Vodafone's approach to service personalisation and resulting impact on churn reduction.